Domestic agricultural colonisation in Spain in the 20th century constitutes a novel interdisciplinary planning of the territory coordinated by the National Institute for Colonisation (INC) with important social, productive, and architectural repercussions that influenced the transformation of the national agrarian landscape and its habitability.
To date, colonisation has been approached almost exclusively from the architectural discipline, which is the reason why the colonisation villages built have become the most recognisable element of the intervention, being a chapter of Spanish architecture widely studied and documented. Although the extensive existing bibliography acknowledges that these villages are part of the integral colonising plan, these new agrarian landscapes have never been approached with the depth with which the architectural project has been treated.
The research featured in this doctoral thesis aims to establish a comprehensive view of colonisation, evidencing its landscape dimension. Colonisation villages were the final step in the process of the design and execution of planning, conditioned by the rest of the agricultural and infrastructural operations, so it is of great interest to understand the nature of the territorial intervention to identify the key points that determined the location and characteristics of the new architecture inhabited by families of settlers, known as ‘colonos’.
To carry out this task, a methodology has been designed to reproduce the process of transformation of the territory, addressing a cartographic work of recording at different scales to reconstruct the preceding landscape and the one resulting from colonisation. Through the elaboration and superimposition of maps corresponding to each period and attending to different aspects —major hydraulic work, irrigation network, service roads, agricultural allotment, reforestation, crops, and architecture— it is possible to identify the transfers produced between both landscapes. The comparison highlights the level of transformation produced based on the elements maintained, altered, missing, and incorporated and their involvement in the territorial, agrarian and architectural project. This work completes a gap in the research on colonisation from this territorial perspective of the landscape project and the integration of the architectural project within it.
The methodology is applied to the colonisation village of El Chaparral, in Granada, a paradigmatic case whose landscape brings together the fundamental aspects that were part of the strategy of Spanish agrarian colonisation. The cartographic and documentary research reveals the scope of the intervention and has allowed to demonstrate that many of the actions were motivated by the relationships with the pre-existence and the adaptation to the agricultural context and the existing infrastructures within an exercise of transferring elements from the landscape prior to the colonisation. One of the most surprising transfers discovered was that numerous farmsteads linked to the original estates were abandoned or demolished and even rehabilitated or reformed for their incorporation into the project of the colonisation villages, producing relationships between both architectures —farmsteads and new villages— which encompass the location in the territory and the functional scheme of life and work around the courtyard.
Considering that the colonisation attended the coordination of the INC to unify the planning and execution, the methodology can be extrapolated to the rest of the colonised Spanish landscapes and aspires to start a field of research at the national level. Likewise, the thesis opens future lines of work on colonisation, providing a method to identify the elements of the landscape to establish their heritage value, as well as to verify the “ecodesign”, the adaptability, and the impact and consequences of colonisation on the environment, issues not addressed until now.
At a time of policies for territorial restructuring promoted by the European Union to tackle rural depopulation, the proposals of colonisation constitute a benchmark for future agricultural developments and their habitability, proximity agricultural production models, and ecological and sustainable planning projects that integrate the participation of the different disciplines that find a cultural fact in the landscape.