In September 1953 the USA and Spanish governments signed the Madrid Agreements. These agreements were the inflection point of the Spanish situation of international isolation. The relations established between the two countries had special relevance because the United States was only the second country, preceded by one month by the Vatican State, to sign a diplomatic agreement with Francoist Spain. In this research we have analyzed how the connections between the two countries affected the architectural field. We have paid special attention to the construction of military bases and to the support and progress that the agreements meant in the Spanish architectural, engineering, and construction fields.
To accomplish this, we closely studied the origins and circumstances of these connections, more than the subsequent impact. This dissertation was focused on the process through which Spanish architects learned about American architecture and its techniques.
In this way, we selected as an object of study three transmission channels that followed American architecture on its way toward Spain.
The first channel is the publication of articles about American architecture and construction in Spanish journals that the professionals in the field read in that moment. They made available to the architects an indirect knowledge of these topics. The spread of American architecture was supported by the American embassy in Madrid. They understood the value of architecture as a cultural tool, and they organized frequent exhibitions, lectures, and documentaries and published articles about American architecture in their own reviews.
The second and main channel is the work of the Spaniards with American architects and technicians in Spain because of the construction of military bases. One of the three agreements signed in 1953 allowed the Americans “to develop, maintain and use for military purposes” some Spanish installations and to build new ones if they needed. One of the conditions was that they had to use Spanish workers, materials, and machinery. They decided to establish several installations all over the country. These had a cost of more than 380 million dollars, they occupied more than 7,000 hectares; around 600 Spaniards were involved in their design, and more than 18,000 were involved in the construction.
We can see relevant aspects around this topic, among them, the work with American professionals; the learning and study of their methods, machinery, materials, and organization; the design and construction of every military base; and the large infrastructure needed to house the American military members and their families for the mobilization, development, and advancement of base construction.
Finally, as a third channel, we have studied the trips of Spanish architects to the United States. We exhaustively studied the trips organized by the National Commission of Industrial Productivity; the trips undertaken by architects under the sponsorship of several grants and institutions (Fulbright, Del Amo, Eisenhower, and Spanish ministries) to study in American universities; and trips by architects who travelled to the United States for professional reasons. In this way, we provide an overview of the direct contacts among the architects of both countries.
With this doctoral dissertation we have tried to emphasize the role of the United States in the development of the architecture and construction in Spain during the beginning of the second half of the last century. Today it is quite difficult to imagine the huge contrast between the development of the two countries. Aspects of American society—comfort and leisure, high technology, and the possession and demonstration of incredible constructive power—fascinated the Spaniards, and all of these aspects contributed notably to the consolidation of modern architecture and construction in our country.