The colour is acquiring great importance in the design of contemporary architecture and seems to be overcome certain chromatic disinterest dragged from the period of modernity. Nevertheless, the discipline lacks a sufficient theoretical framework that addresses the color from a specifically architectural point of view, which allows to extend the creative possibilities, to properly assess the results and which redounds, definitively, to an improvement of the professional practice.
Therefore, this research aims to understand and appreciate the circumstances, mechanisms and motivations that lead certain European renewed architects to use the color in such a conscious and innovative way. It is analyzed particularly the work with colour of Norman Foster, Sauerbruch & Hutton, EMBT Architects, Herzog & De Meuron, Gigon & Guyer, William Alsop, Jean Nouvel, MVRDV, as test cases that cover the major trends in color development of today.
Relating to the circumstances, this paper carries out a historical analysis which provides an overview of the artistic context in which contemporary building and their chromatic composition systems are develop. These are understood by opposition and continuity with those of the modern and postmodern architecture of XXth century. During the modernity, three architects and chromatic systems stand out: Purism and Le Corbusier; expressionism and B. Taut, Neoplasticism and G.T. Rietveld. Postmodernity relies on a much more heterogeneous range of chromatic architectural systems and architects, that can be grouped around four trends: the new utopias, the enlightenment rationalism, the figurative postmodernism, and deconstruction.
Mechanisms refer to the plastic possibilities that colour provides. The study can discern three key strategies: colour to interfere in the perception of the visual properties of the form (geometry, dimensions, visual weight or texture), color to interfere in the description of the architectural object (both composition and its function), and colour displayed because of its own chromatic intrinsic value. These three strategies summarize and supplement the models proposed by other authors and have served as a basis to analyze the different samples of architecture with colour studied.
The motivations are the intentions expressed by the architects and those that encourage their chromatic dispositions. This study demonstrates that there are two main intentions: to arrange a very versatile colour arrangement, and to manifest the creative freedom of one’s own architect. The versatility of color refers to a change in appearance of the architecture (chromatic transformation), a change in its entirety (chromatic fragmentation), a change in its position (chromatic motion) or a change in its procedures and technologies (chromatic innovation). The manifestation of the creative freedom is expressed through what we call “chromatic hedonism” of the architect, the transgression of modern compositional principles and other provocations.
The present research concludes that the color in the contemporary European architecture evolves towards its versatility and pursues a much more freedom and without prejudices, something that has been made possible by technological improvements in the design process and the appearance of new building materials. Paradoxically, the color in nowadays architecture has regained prominence without transgressing the Ruskinian will to express “the material truth”, as some formerly antagonistic concepts have become obsolete as the disjunction between “self colour” of material versus “pigmentation”.